最佳答案Introduction The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation designed to represent all the sounds used in spoken language. It was fi...
Introduction
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation designed to represent all the sounds used in spoken language. It was first published in 1888 by the International Phonetic Association, and has been revised several times since then. The most recent version, published in 2015, contains 48 letters or symbols representing the sounds used in English and many other languages. In this article, we will provide a brief overview of the 48 IPA symbols and their corresponding sounds.The Consonant Sounds
The IPA contains 24 consonant symbols. They are divided into six categories based on the manner of articulation and the place of articulation. The manner of articulation refers to how the sound is produced, while the place of articulation refers to where in the mouth the sound is produced.The first category is plosives or stops. They are produced by completely blocking the air flow and then releasing it. There are six symbols in this category: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/. The first two are bilabial sounds, produced by closing the lips; the next two are dental sounds, produced by touching the tongue to the upper teeth; and the last two are velar sounds, produced by touching the back of the tongue to the soft palate.
The second category is fricatives. They are produced by narrowing the air passage and creating friction. There are nine symbols in this category: /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /h/. The first two are labiodental sounds, produced by placing the bottom lip against the upper teeth; the next two are dental sounds; the next two are alveolar sounds, produced by touching the tongue to the alveolar ridge behind the upper teeth; and the last three are palatal sounds, produced by raising the middle of the tongue to the hard palate.
The third category is affricates. They are produced by combining a plosive and a fricative sound. There are two symbols in this category: /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. These are palato-alveolar sounds, produced by touching the tongue to the alveolar ridge and the hard palate simultaneously.
The fourth category is nasals. They are produced by lowering the velum and allowing air to flow through the nasal cavity. There are three symbols in this category: /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/. The first two are bilabial and alveolar, respectively, while the last one is velar.
The fifth category is laterals. They are produced by allowing air to flow over the sides of the tongue. There is one symbol in this category: /l/. It is an alveolar sound.
The sixth category is approximants. They are produced by bringing the articulators close together without creating friction. There are three symbols in this category: /r/, /j/, and /w/. The first one is an alveolar or retroflex sound; the second one is a palatal sound, and the last one is a labio-velar sound.
The Vowel Sounds
The IPA contains 20 vowel symbols. They are also divided into six categories based on the position of the tongue and the shape of the lips.The first category is front vowels. They are produced by raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate or the teeth. There are four symbols in this category: /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, and /ɛ/. The first one is a close front vowel, the second one is a near-close front vowel, the third one is a close-mid front vowel, and the last one is an open-mid front vowel.
The second category is central vowels. They are produced by keeping the tongue in a neutral position. There are three symbols in this category: /ə/, /ʌ/, and /ɜ:/. The first one is a schwa sound, the second one is an open-mid central vowel, and the last one is a mid central vowel.
The third category is back vowels. They are produced by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate. There are six symbols in this category: /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ɔ:/, /ɑ:/, and /ɒ/. The first two are close and near-close back vowels, respectively; the next two are close-mid and open-mid back vowels, respectively; the fifth one is a long open central vowel, and the last one is an open back vowel.
The fourth category is rounded vowels. They are produced by protruding the lips. There are five symbols in this category: /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ɔ:/, and /ɑ:/. They correspond to the first five symbols in the back vowel category.
The fifth category is diphthongs. They are produced by combining two vowel sounds. There are eight symbols in this category: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/, /ɪə/, /eə/, and /ʊə/. The first three are closing diphthongs, meaning they start with a more open sound and end with a more closed sound. The next three are opening diphthongs, and the last two are centering diphthongs.
The sixth category is triphthongs. They are produced by combining three vowel sounds. There is only one symbol in this category: /aɪə/. It is a combination of the /aɪ/ diphthong and the /ə/ vowel.
